Alkaline hydrolysis finds many uses in treatment of medical waste. Waste engineers like it because it handles so many kinds of waste and is robust. The process operates at elevated temperatures but not nearly as high as incineration, and air emissions are negligible.
The principle is that high pH (>10) aqueous solution or slurry breaks down complex biological molecules. The caustic liquid and high temperature kill living organisms, including pathogens. Bacteria are destroyed as are viruses, ricksetta, fungi, and (perhaps)prions Either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solutions or slurries are employed.
Alkaline hydrolysis is related to the ancient technology of "rendering" animal carcasses. This was how people obtained animal fat for soap-making in centuries past. Compared to rendering, alkaline hydrolysis is more severe and breaks down much of the fat. It uses a more concentrated solution and a high temperature. You can put in whole animals, fur, claws, and all, and the process breaks them down so no cells are intact. Unlike in incineration, carbon atoms are not necessarily oxidized to carbon dioxide. Some may end up as part of carboxylic acids. The nitrogen in the animal protein is still fixed after treatment. Indeed, the neutralized effluent of an alkaline hydrolysis process can be used as land fertilizer.
The process takes place in stainless-steel tanks built to hold in the pressure of water vapor/steam at the operating temperature. Manufacturers recommend operating temperatures from 120 °C to 300 °C. At the high end of that temperature range, pressure in the tank is 85 atmospheres. The batch process remains in the tank for 3 to 8 hours. An agitator is usually included to stir up the contents.
After the heating period, the vessel is allowed to cool and depressurize. The pH inside the tank is very high, so an acid solution is added to neutralize it.
One question people have about alkaline hydrolysis is whether it degrades certain toxic compounds like chemotherapy agents. It is not intuitively obvious to this engineer and author that it does. You’d have to try it out. However, studies have shown that alkaline hydrolysis destroys prions. Given how difficult prions are to kill with liquid disinfectants at room temperature and pressure, this is welcome news. However, I’d want to validate that it works before being confident the process is effective against prions.
What do you do with the neutralized waste? If you are confident it has been decontaminated to your standard, you can pump it out of the tank. Flushing with water may aid removal. The contents should pass through a filter to remove solids. A simple sand filter is adequate. The filtrate can go into the municipal waste treatment system (sewer) if the wastewater treatment authority has agreed to take it. It can also be used as agricultural fertilizer.
Also called alkaline digestion or resomation, alkaline hydrolysis is used to dispose of animal carcasses in agricultural operations. Animals euthanized at veterinary offices and in animal control centers are often processed this way. It is finding increasing use on human bodies where funeral homes market it as green cremation. And many labs that use animals send the carcasses of deceased animals to alkaline hydrolysis units. There might be some hesitation if the lab is a Biosafety Level 3 or Level 4 facility, in which case incineration may be preferred.
In many applications alkaline hydrolysis can substitute for incineration, which was for a long time the dominant form of medical waste treatment. Incineration has fallen out of favor because:
Hydrolysis units can also be small, for disposing of laboratory animals for instance. They can fit inside a lab.
